Not a fact anymore

A stable material only one atom thick cannot exist on its own.

What we know now

Graphene—a sheet of carbon only one atom thick—and many other two-dimensional materials can exist as stable, free-standing or supported layers only one atomic layer thick.

Why it changed

Thermal fluctuations were expected to destabilize perfectly two-dimensional crystals. In 2004, researchers isolated graphene from graphite and measured its unusual electronic properties; later microscopy showed that slight rippling helps stabilize real sheets.

Status
Overturned
Category
Materials Science
Accepted for
≈54 years
Accepted approximately
Mid-20th century–2004
Changed approximately
2004–2010

Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-like lattice. Real graphene is not a perfectly flat mathematical plane. It ripples, bends, contains defects, and often interacts with a substrate or surrounding material.

The result nevertheless established a genuine class of atomically thin materials, including semiconductors, insulators, magnets, and superconductors.

Evidence

Sources and what they establish

Current evidence

Primary research

Historical context

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